Abstract: This paper presents the bias-policy iteration, a modified adaptive dynamic programming method, to achieve optimal control design of discrete-time nonlinear systems. Firstly, the formulation ...

Consumers trying to score the best deals online may be facing a moving target as retailers increasingly use dynamic pricing. It's a strategy that adjusts prices based on factors including demand, ...

Abstract: Battery degradation remains a major challenge for battery electric vehicles (BEVs). The integration of supercapacitors as a secondary energy source to extend battery lifespan has gained ...