Algorithms are everywhere, even when we do not notice them. They help us search the web, navigate roads, and discover new content online. Understanding how algorithms work is one of the simplest ways ...

Abstract: Deterministic processing time are no longer applicable under realistic circumstances because of the uncertainties involved in manufacturing and production processes. The present study aims ...

Abstract: Bilevel optimization, where one optimization problem is inherently nested within another, has gained significant attention due to its extensive applications in machine learning, such as ...